Therapist Insights / Therapist Insights
Fight, flight, freeze, fawn: three are evidenced.
Three of the four have research behind them and one does not. Fight and flight come from Walter Cannon's physiology, freeze has measured human data under the name tonic immobility, and fawn was named by a psychotherapist who says on his own site that he named it.
THE QUICK TAKEAWAY
Fight, flight, freeze and fawn are not four findings of equal standing. Fight and flight descend from Walter Cannon's physiology, whose earliest scientific report of the emergency response was published in 1914 according to a 2021 review in Frontiers in Psychiatry. Freeze has a measured human form, tonic immobility, reported by 70 percent of 298 women assessed within a month of a sexual assault at one Stockholm clinic between February 2009 and December 2011. Fawn was named by the psychotherapist Pete Walker, who writes that he named it. CEREVITY clinicians assess what is present rather than the label. If distress becomes acute, call or text 988, or text HOME to 741741.
§01 / 09 / Definition
Fight, flight, freeze, fawn: where each comes from.
Fight and flight descend from Walter Cannon, Harvard's professor of physiology from 1906 to 1942, who studied the sympathetic nervous system for 35 years and described the emergency, fight or flight response. Freeze corresponds to tonic immobility, which has a published scale and outcome data. Fawn was named by one psychotherapist and has neither.
Fight, flight, freeze, fawn is the four part model most people meet first, and the four parts do not carry equal evidence. Fight and flight come from Walter Cannon, the Harvard physiologist who was George Higginson Professor of Physiology from 1906 to 1942 and who, according to the National Library of Medicine reference chapter on his work, studied the sympathetic nervous system for 35 years and described the emergency, fight or flight response. Freeze has a measured human form called tonic immobility, with a published scale and outcome data from a specific clinical population. Fawn was named by Pete Walker, a psychotherapist writing about complex trauma, who states on his own site that he named it. Those are three different classes of claim, and most pages on this subject present them as one. CEREVITY is a nationwide network of independent licensed clinicians working with executives, physicians, founders and attorneys who want to know which parts of the model are real before they apply any of it to themselves. Work is private-pay, so no claim is submitted to any insurer and nothing is routed through an employer. Sessions run 50-minute, 90-minute or 3-hour. If distress becomes acute, call or text 988 for the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, or text HOME to 741741.
Six pressures that keep the response firing
A threat that never resolves
Automatic responses are built for events that end. A hostile board, a regulator's open file or a partner who goes quiet for weeks does not end, so the response never gets its off signal. High performers describe this as being permanently braced, and they usually attribute it to workload rather than to a threat their nervous system has not been able to close out.
Accommodation that gets rewarded
Reading what a senior person wants and delivering it before being asked is a career skill, and in most organisations it is paid for. The same behaviour, when it fires automatically and cannot be switched off in settings that do not require it, is the thing popular writing calls the fawn response. Reward makes the pattern almost impossible to notice from inside.
Responses that fire below decision speed
None of these four are chosen. Cannon described the emergency reaction as physiology, and tonic immobility is defined by involuntary motor inhibition, which means the response has already happened by the time a person considers what to do. Executives who pride themselves on judgment tend to treat this as a discipline problem and apply more effort to it, which does nothing.
A vocabulary borrowed from the internet
Most people arrive with the four labels already installed and a self-diagnosis attached. The labels are not equally evidenced, and using them as though they were leads people to treat a coined term as a clinical finding. Time in a first session goes on unpicking that before any assessment of what is actually present can begin.
Stillness read as composure
Fight and flight have visible costs at work: a raised voice, a resignation, a walkout. Freeze and accommodation cost nothing that anybody else can see. Colleagues read the stillness as composure and the accommodation as collegiality, so nobody asks, and the person carrying it concludes there is nothing to report.
No off-ramp inside the working day
A calendar built at fifteen minute intervals gives an activated nervous system nowhere to complete anything. High performers frequently report that the state only becomes noticeable on the first day of leave, when the demand stops and the arousal does not, which is usually why they are told to rest and find that rest does not touch it.
▶ Research
Three classes of claim are being presented as one. Fight and flight are physiology with a documented origin: a 2021 review in Frontiers in Psychiatry states that the earliest scientific report of the adaptation was published in 1914 by Walter Cannon and that his observations founded the physiological basis for the fight or flight response, and the National Library of Medicine reference chapter on Cannon records that he described the emergency, fight or flight response after 35 years studying the sympathetic nervous system. Freeze has a measured human form, tonic immobility, reported by 70 percent of 298 women assessed within a month of a sexual assault at one Stockholm clinic between February 2009 and December 2011, and associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and severe depression at six months in that sample. Fawn was named by the psychotherapist Pete Walker on his own site, where he writes that he named it. Reporting all four as equally established is the error most pages on this subject make.1
Three findings, and the one that was never collected
Fight and flight are physiology with a dated origin
A 2021 review in Frontiers in Psychiatry records that the earliest scientific report of the adaptation was published in 1914 by Walter Cannon, describing the adrenal medullary response to pain, asphyxiation and emotions such as fear and rage as an emergency response, and that his observations founded the physiological basis for the fight or flight response.
Freeze has data, from one specific population
Of 298 women attending an emergency clinic within one month of a sexual assault, recruited between February 2009 and December 2011, 70 percent reported significant tonic immobility and 48 percent reported extreme tonic immobility. Nothing in that study measures a freeze state in a working adult under occupational stress.
Fawn has an author rather than a literature
Pete Walker, M.A., MFT, writes on his own site that he has named it the fawn response, the fourth f in the fight, flight, freeze, fawn repertoire. No diagnostic manual lists it, no validated instrument measures it, and no prevalence or outcome study for it was located during research for this article.
Who carries this with you
The version of the pattern that colleagues see and the version a partner sees are rarely the same, and the difference between them is usually the most informative thing available.
The person running the response
High performers usually present with a label rather than a complaint, having decided in advance which of the four they are. Individual work replaces the label with an assessment of what is actually firing, when it fires, and what it is responding to, which is a different question from which of four words fits best.
The partner who sees the version nobody at work sees
Partners are generally the first to notice that the accommodation or the shutdown does not stop at the office door. They also tend to be the target of the fight response that never appears in a meeting. Couples sessions handle that gap directly rather than treating it as a communication problem.
The employer, kept outside
Employers hold no role here. CEREVITY operates private-pay, so no claim is submitted to any insurer and nothing is routed through an employer benefits administrator. For clients whose organisations are assessing them for promotion, that separation is the condition on which they will describe an automatic threat response candidly at all.
§02 / 09 / Telehealth
Why freeze and fawn go unnoticed at work.
Freeze and accommodation attract less notice in professional settings than fight and flight because stillness and agreeableness carry no visible cost, while a raised voice and a walkout do. No study located measures which response predominates among high performers, so any page ranking the four by occupation is asserting rather than reporting.
An accurate map before any technique
Treatment begins by establishing which parts of the four response model are describing something measurable and which part is a borrowed word. Clients who know the difference stop applying trauma protocols to an ordinary stress reaction, and stop dismissing a genuine one because the internet gave it a cute name.
The threat identified, not just the reaction
Automatic responses are recruited by something. CEREVITY clinicians work backwards from the reaction to the unresolved situation holding it in place, which is frequently a specific relationship, an open investigation or a decision the client has been avoiding for months rather than a diffuse condition called stress.
Function protected while the work happens
Sessions are structured so that clients continue operating in demanding roles during treatment. The aim is not to remove a useful threat detection system from someone whose work requires one, but to restore its off switch and to stop accommodation firing in rooms that do not call for it.
§03 / 09 / Mechanism
What the fawn evidence does not contain.
Fawn appears in no diagnostic manual, has no validated measure, and had no prevalence or outcome study located during research for this article. Pete Walker, the psychotherapist who introduced the word, writes that he named it himself, which makes the fawn response a clinical description rather than a research finding.
Fawn has an author, which is unusual for a term used this widely and is the single most useful fact about it. Pete Walker, M.A., MFT, writes on his own site, on a page titled Codependency, Trauma and the Fawn Response, that a fourth type of triggered response can be seen in many codependents and that he has named it the fawn response, the fourth f in the fight, flight, freeze, fawn repertoire of instinctive responses to trauma. He defines the word by dictionary, noting that fawn means to act servilely, cringe and flatter, and states his belief that this response is at the core of many codependents' behavior. That is a clinician describing a pattern he has observed and giving it a name. It is not a research construct, it appears in no diagnostic manual, and no validated instrument measures it.
Freeze, by contrast, has been measured in people, though the population matters more than the number. Moller, Sondergaard and Helstrom, publishing in Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica in 2017, studied 298 women who had attended an emergency clinic for raped women within one month of a sexual assault, recruited between February 2009 and December 2011, with tonic immobility rated on the Tonic Immobility Scale around 10 to 14 days after the assault. Of those 298 women, 70 percent reported significant tonic immobility and 48 percent reported extreme tonic immobility during the assault. Tonic immobility was associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, odds ratio 2.75 with a 95 percent confidence interval of 1.50 to 5.03, and with severe depression, odds ratio 3.42 with a 95 percent confidence interval of 1.51 to 7.72, both at six months. Those figures describe women assessed shortly after a sexual assault at one Stockholm clinic. Nothing in that study measures a freeze state in an executive during a difficult quarter, and it should never be quoted as though it did.
The gap between those two paragraphs is the whole point, and it does not appear on most pages that rank for this subject. Fight and flight rest on physiology with a documented origin: a 2021 review in Frontiers in Psychiatry records that the earliest scientific report of the adaptation was published in 1914 by Walter Cannon, describing the adrenal medullary response to pain, asphyxiation, and emotions such as fear and rage as an emergency response, and states that Cannon's observations founded the physiological basis for the fight or flight response. Freeze rests on a body of work with instruments, samples and outcomes attached, none of it collected in working adults under occupational stress. Fawn rests on one experienced psychotherapist's naming of a pattern. All three describe things that happen to people. Only two of them have ever been counted, and no prevalence figure, validated measure or outcome study for the fawn response was located during research for this article.
► Standard advice vs. CEREVITY's approach
Standard therapy
"You have a fawn response, which is a trauma response."
CEREVITY
"Fawn is a term coined by the psychotherapist Pete Walker, who writes that he named it himself. The behaviour it points at is real, and the word carries no research base of its own."
Standard therapy
"Freeze is just being overwhelmed."
CEREVITY
"Freeze has a measured human form called tonic immobility, with a published scale and outcome data. What it does not have is any study of a chronic version in working adults."
Standard therapy
"Everyone has one dominant response type."
CEREVITY
"No study located assigns people to a dominant response type. Response typing is a clinical description that has never been validated as a trait, and treating it as fixed closes off the more useful question of what is triggering it."
| Standard insurance-based therapy | CEREVITY's specialized approach |
|---|---|
| "You have a fawn response, which is a trauma response." | "Fawn is a term coined by the psychotherapist Pete Walker, who writes that he named it himself. The behaviour it points at is real, and the word carries no research base of its own." |
| "Freeze is just being overwhelmed." | "Freeze has a measured human form called tonic immobility, with a published scale and outcome data. What it does not have is any study of a chronic version in working adults." |
| "Everyone has one dominant response type." | "No study located assigns people to a dominant response type. Response typing is a clinical description that has never been validated as a trait, and treating it as fixed closes off the more useful question of what is triggering it." |
A break from the page
Name the response accurately first.
A first conversation is confidential and commits you to nothing. CEREVITY is a nationwide network of independent licensed clinicians working private-pay, with no claim submitted to any insurer and nothing routed through your employer. Sending a private inquiry takes about two minutes.
§04 / 09 / Cases
Common challenges we address.
Arriving with the diagnosis already made
The patternHigh performers research before they book, and they book having decided they are a freeze type or a fawn type. The label organises everything they then report, and material that does not fit it goes unmentioned. Some of what gets discarded that way is the part that would have changed the treatment plan.
What we addressClinicians take the label seriously as data about what the client has noticed, and then assess independently of it. Where the assessment finds an anxiety or depressive presentation with specified criteria and established treatments, that is said plainly, because a coined term does not come with a treatment and a diagnosis does.
Applying effort to a response that is not chosen
The patternThe standard high performer move against an automatic response is more discipline: earlier starts, harder training, another commitment taken on to prove capacity is intact. Tonic immobility is defined by involuntary motor inhibition, and Cannon described the emergency reaction as physiology, which means the response was never a preference to be overruled.
What we addressClinicians redirect effort from the response to what is recruiting it, which is usually a specific unresolved situation rather than a general condition. Sleep, alcohol and activity patterns are handled as measurable and modifiable, and the threat itself gets named, which is the part clients have most often been working around for months.
§05 / 09 / Methods
Evidence-based treatment approaches.
CEREVITY clinicians work on what the response is doing rather than on which of the four labels fits best: the unresolved situation that keeps recruiting it, the accommodation that has become automatic, and the sleep and arousal patterns that can be measured and changed. Assessment establishes whether a diagnosable condition is present before any protocol is chosen.
Assessment first, 50-minute sessions
Initial 50-minute sessions establish what is actually present: an ordinary acute stress reaction, an anxiety presentation, a depressive one, a trauma-related disorder, or a situation that would activate anybody. Naming a response type is not an assessment, and treatment aimed at the wrong target is the most common reason clients arrive having already tried therapy.
Trauma-focused work where a trauma-related disorder is present
Where assessment establishes a trauma-related disorder, treatment uses the trauma-focused approaches indicated for it rather than anything aimed at the four response labels. Tonic immobility during an assault is documented as predicting post-traumatic stress disorder and severe depression at six months, which is a reason for proper assessment rather than for self-management.
Cognitive behavioural work on the accommodation pattern
Cognitive behavioural work targets the automatic accommodation that popular writing calls fawning: what it predicts will happen if it stops, what actually happens when it is withheld, and where it is a professional skill worth keeping. The target is the automaticity, not the courtesy.
Couples sessions, 90-minute format
The 90-minute format is used where the pattern runs differently at home than at work, which is the usual arrangement. Fifty minutes surfaces the difference without getting through it. A longer block allows both accounts to be stated and examined in a single sitting rather than left open between weeks.
3-hour intensives for a compressed start
The 3-hour block suits clients whose calendars will not sustain weekly attendance for the first month, or who are approaching a fixed event such as a trial date or a funding close. A single extended sitting covers history, assessment and a treatment plan that weekly sessions would take six weeks to reach.
§06 / 09 / Investment
Understanding the investment in private-pay care.
Private-pay, nationwide, and outside anything adversarial
At CEREVITY, our online individual therapy sessions are structured as a direct investment in your mental agility and overall well-being. The investment includes:
- Licensed mental health professional specializing in therapy for automatic threat responses
- Evidence-based, one-on-one approaches proven effective for an automatic threat response that fires when nothing is threatening
- Flexible online scheduling including evenings and weekends
- Complete privacy with no insurance involvement or red tape
- High performers expertise and understanding
- Outcome tracking and progress measurement
The cost of the four stress responses going unaddressed
Consider what is at stake when the four stress responses goes unaddressed:
Private-pay structure
Work is private-pay. No claim is submitted to any insurer, no diagnosis is filed with a payer, and nothing is routed through an employer benefits administrator. A response type is not a billable diagnosis in any case, so insurance-based care would require a clinician to record something else instead.
What the fee covers
Fees cover clinician time in 50-minute, 90-minute or 3-hour blocks. What the fee buys is assessment by a licensed clinician of what is actually firing, treatment aimed at that rather than at a label, and continuity through a period when the client is still expected to run a department or a company.
§07 / 09 / Evidence
What the research shows.
Three findings frame this accurately. Fight and flight originate in Walter Cannon's physiology, with a 2021 review in Frontiers in Psychiatry dating the earliest scientific report of the adaptation to 1914 and the National Library of Medicine reference chapter recording that he described the emergency, fight or flight response across 35 years studying the sympathetic nervous system. Freeze has a measured human form, tonic immobility, reported by 70 percent of 298 women assessed within a month of a sexual assault at one Stockholm clinic and associated with post-traumatic stress disorder at six months, odds ratio 2.75. And fawn was named by a psychotherapist rather than derived from research, with no prevalence figure, validated measure or outcome study located during this review.
► Three of four, weighed
year of the earliest scientific report of the emergency response, published by Walter Cannon, per a 2021 review dating the origin of the fight or flight concept
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2021
of 298 women assessed within one month of a sexual assault at one Stockholm clinic between February 2009 and December 2011 reported significant tonic immobility
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 2017
odds ratio for post-traumatic stress disorder at six months in that sample where tonic immobility was reported, 95 percent confidence interval 1.50 to 5.03
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 2017
Read together, those support a plainer position than the one on offer elsewhere. The four labels are a useful shorthand for behaviour people recognise in themselves, and they are not four equivalent scientific categories. Clinically the distinction changes what happens next. Where an assessment finds an anxiety or depressive presentation, there are specified criteria and established treatments to work with. Where it finds a trauma-related disorder, there are trauma-focused approaches indicated for it, and the tonic immobility data is a reason to assess properly rather than to self-manage. Where it finds a person under sustained pressure whose responses are working exactly as designed, the honest answer is that the situation needs changing rather than the person. None of those three routes is chosen by deciding which of four words describes you best, and the National Library of Medicine reference material describes the fight-or-flight response as an acute stress response produced by activating the sympathetic nervous system, which is a statement about mechanism rather than about personality type.
§§ / 09 / Recap
Key takeaways.
Five things to remember
- Not four equal claims Fight and flight are physiology dating to Cannon's work from 1914 onward, freeze has measured human data, and fawn is a term one psychotherapist coined. Presenting the four as equally evidenced is the standard error.
- Fawn has an author Pete Walker writes on his own site that he named the fawn response. The behaviour it points at is real and recognisable, and the word itself carries no diagnostic status and no research base.
- The freeze data has a population The 70 percent and 48 percent tonic immobility figures come from 298 women assessed within a month of a sexual assault at one Stockholm clinic. They say nothing about a difficult quarter at work.
- Nothing here is chosen Tonic immobility is defined by involuntary motor inhibition and Cannon described the emergency reaction as physiology. Applying more discipline to a response that fires below decision speed does not reach it.
- CEREVITY provides this through online individual therapy nationwide, with full privacy through its private-pay concierge network and no insurance involvement.
§08 / 09 / FAQ
Frequently asked questions.
What are the four trauma responses?
Fight, flight, freeze and fawn are the four labels in common circulation, and they do not carry equal evidence. Fight and flight come from Walter Cannon's physiology, with a 2021 review in Frontiers in Psychiatry dating the earliest scientific report of the emergency response to 1914 and crediting Cannon's observations as the physiological basis of the fight or flight response. Freeze corresponds to tonic immobility, a measured involuntary motor inhibition with a published scale and outcome data. Fawn was named by the psychotherapist Pete Walker, who writes on his own site that he named it, and it appears in no diagnostic manual. Treating all four as equally established is the most common error in writing on this subject, and it matters because a coined term does not come with a treatment while a diagnosis does.
What is the fawn response?
Fawn describes seeking safety by accommodating what another person appears to want, and the term was coined rather than discovered. Pete Walker, M.A., MFT, writes on a page titled Codependency, Trauma and the Fawn Response that a fourth type of triggered response can be seen in many codependents and that he has named it the fawn response, the fourth f in the fight, flight, freeze, fawn repertoire. He takes the definition of the word from a dictionary, to act servilely, cringe and flatter. The pattern it points at is recognisable and is worth clinical attention. What it does not have is diagnostic status in any manual, a validated instrument, or a prevalence or outcome literature of the kind that exists for the other three.
How do you get out of freeze mode?
Freeze is not exited by decision, which is the first thing worth knowing, because tonic immobility is defined by involuntary motor inhibition and Cannon described the emergency reaction as physiology rather than preference. Effort applied directly to the state tends to add demand without reaching it. What generally moves is the situation recruiting the response: a specific unresolved conflict, an open investigation, a decision that has been deferred for months. Alongside that, sleep, alcohol and activity patterns are measurable and modifiable, and assessment establishes whether a diagnosable condition is present that has its own indicated treatment. If a person is in acute distress, call or text 988, or text HOME to 741741.
Is fawning a recognised trauma response?
Fawn is a recognised clinical description and is not a recognised research construct, and both halves of that sentence matter. Pete Walker introduced the fawn response in his writing on complex trauma and states on his own site that he named it. The term appears in no diagnostic manual, has no validated measure, and had no prevalence or outcome study located during research for this article. Clinicians encounter the pattern constantly, which is why the word spread so fast. The practical consequence is that a client who identifies as a fawn type still needs an assessment, because the label does not indicate a treatment and the conditions that might be present, including anxiety, depressive and trauma-related disorders, do.
Can you have more than one of these responses?
High performers commonly report different responses in different settings, and no study located assigns people to a single dominant type. Response typing is a description that has never been validated as a stable trait, so a person who accommodates at work and argues at home is not a contradiction to be resolved. The more useful question in a first session is which situations recruit which response, and what those situations have in common. That question leads somewhere. Deciding which of four words fits best generally does not, and it tends to organise what a client reports in a way that leaves out the material most likely to change the treatment plan.
Does fight, flight, freeze, fawn mean I have PTSD?
Fight, flight, freeze and fawn describe reactions, not a diagnosis, so recognising yourself in one of them establishes nothing about post-traumatic stress disorder. Acute stress responses occur in people with no trauma history at all, because the sympathetic nervous system produces them in response to present demand. Tonic immobility during an assault has been associated with later post-traumatic stress disorder, odds ratio 2.75 at six months in a sample of 298 women assessed within a month of a sexual assault, which is a reason to have a proper assessment rather than a reason to self-diagnose from a four item list. CEREVITY clinicians establish what is present before any treatment is selected.
How does your private-pay pricing structure work?
As a private-pay concierge network, we offer structured investments in your mental health without the restrictions or privacy risks of insurance. You can review our full fee schedule and specific session lengths directly on our website. While this costs more than insurance copays, it provides the flexibility, total privacy, and highly specialized care that standard options cannot offer. View our current rates here.
How do you protect my privacy?
Privacy is foundational to our network. As a private-pay network, your sessions never appear on insurance records or EOBs that could be seen by employers, boards, or family members. We use HIPAA-compliant nationwide telehealth platforms, and you can attend sessions from anywhere with a private internet connection.
§09 / 09 / Begin
Work the response, not the label.
Fight, flight, freeze and fawn describe something real about automatic reactions, and only three of the four have research behind them. CEREVITY clinicians establish what is actually present before treating it. Sessions are private-pay, with no claim submitted to any insurer and nothing routed through an employer. If distress becomes acute, call or text 988, or text HOME to 741741.
Seven days a week, early morning to late evening · Current hours on the contact page, in your time zone§§ / Author
About Martha Fernandez, LCSW.
Martha Fernandez, LCSW
Martha Fernandez, LCSW is Co-Founder of CEREVITY and a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 8 years of psychotherapy experience working with executives, entrepreneurs, and healthcare professionals. Her work integrates cognitive behavioral therapy, EMDR, and somatic-informed approaches with a trauma-aware foundation. She sees clients via CEREVITY's nationwide telehealth network. Note: as an LCSW, Martha is referred to as 'Martha' or 'Martha Fernandez, LCSW' rather than 'Dr.' in body copy. View full bio →
§§ / Sources
References.
- Frontiers in Psychiatry. The Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine System in Stress and Arousal: Unraveling Historical, Current, and Future Perspectives. 2021. frontiersin.org
- Clinical Methods, 3rd edition, NCBI Bookshelf, National Library of Medicine. Cannon of Harvard. 1990. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. Tonic immobility during sexual assault: a common reaction predicting post-traumatic stress disorder and severe depression. 2017. obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
- StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf, National Library of Medicine. Physiology, Stress Reaction. 2024. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Pete Walker, M.A., MFT. Codependency, Trauma and the Fawn Response. 2026. pete-walker.com
- CEREVITY. Decision fatigue therapy. cerevity.com/decision-fatigue-therapy
- CEREVITY. High-functioning anxiety and depression therapy. cerevity.com/anxiety-and-depression-therapy
- CEREVITY. Executive burnout therapy. cerevity.com/executive-burnout-therapy
⚠ Crisis resources
If you are experiencing a mental health crisis or having thoughts of suicide, please reach out immediately. 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline · Call or text 988 Crisis Text Line · Text HOME to 741741 National Alliance on Mental Illness · 1-800-950-NAMI (6264)
